Objective Questions (30 pts.)

Directions: Select the best responses to the following questions. On your test write the just letter of the best answer next to the number of the question. Do not include the question or the text answer on your paper.

1. John Dewey argues that in education we should
   1. dedicate our studies to preparing for future challenges.
   2. concentrate on our studies in the here and now.
   3. dedicate ourselves so that we can master one field of study.
   4. study as many different fields as possible in order to be able to adapt to changing circumstances.
   5. learn by doing rather than by theory.

2. One of the most important characteristics of philosophical activity is that philosophy is
   1. a rejection of all common sense for theorizing.
   2. seeks facts, rather than relationships between facts.
   3. is an empirical, rather than a conceptual discipline.
   4. a systematic inquiry into the assumptions of a subject.
   5. one of the newer social sciences like psychology.

3. The epistemologist attempts to answer the question:
   1. How do we determine the ultimate nature of reality?
   2. What are aesthetics, moral philosophy, and ontology?
   3. What is the difference between induction and induction?
   4. How do we determine whether our beliefs are true or not?
   5. What are the ultimate generalizations of the human intellect?

4. Axiology can be briefly defined as
   1. the study of the assumption of any endeavor.
   2. the discipline concerned with postulates and axioms.
   3. any inquiry into the study of ultimate reality.
   4. the attempt to find out about the good life.
   5. the study of the nature and scope of value.

5. In his trial Socrates is accused of
   1. being an atheist.
   2. being a troublemaker or a gadfly.
   3. doing the sort of things a scientist does.
   4. corrupting the young.
   5. all of the above.

6. The psychological reason why Socrates is being prosecuted is probably that Socrates
   1. believes he is above the law.
   2. is a foreigner and does not understand the law.
   3. was a bother to the influential people of Athens.
   4. sought a virtuous life.
   5. was neglectful of his wife.

7. Socrates refutes the charge that he corrupts the young by pointing out that
   1. the Delphic Oracle commanded him to know himself.
   2. there are no witnesses present to refute him.
   3. he believes in the gods and so is good.
   4. he could not do wrong unintentionally.
   5. his inner voice would not allow him to do so.

8. Socrates refuses exile because
   1. he is over seventy years old.
   2. he refuses to change his questioning and would get into trouble elsewhere.
   3. he could not even pay a small fine.
   4. imprisonment would be better.
   5. all of the above.

9. The most important thing in living a life of excellence is, according to Socrates
   1. to have good health and good friends.
   2. to seek what we think is in our own best interest regardless of moral considerations.
   3. to do only that which we know to be right regardless of the external consequences.
   4. to seek pleasure and avoid pain and do our duty.
   5. to obey our parents and the state who reared us.

10. According to Russell, philosophy aims at
    1. the study of knowledge which unifies the sciences.
    2. the examination of the assumptions or presuppositions of our beliefs.
    3. reducing dogmatic beliefs.
    4. the discovery of new methods or definite knowledge systems which become sciences
    5. all of the above.

11. According to Russell, the value of philosophy lies in
    1. the great aims of truth, good, beauty, and reality.
    2. freeing us from narrow and practical aims for our life.
    3. the uncertainty which shows unsuspected possibilities which might not occur to a dogmatic person.
    4. all of the above.
    5. none of the above.

12. Both Plato and Russell agree that
    1. philosophy is highly impractical in everyday life
    2. Socrates exemplifies the instinctive man.
    3. knowledge, and indeed self-knowledge, are necessary for a good life.
    4. the philosophic mind is primarily that of self-assertion rather than ``enlargement of self.''
    5. sometimes it is better to do that which is known to be wrong for the sake of a noble end.

13. According to Tolstoy, ``the truth'' is
    1. art is a decoy of life.
    2. rational people cannot provide life's meaning.
    3. our life is limited.
    4. a mid-life crisis is inevitable.
    5. Christian doctrines give value to life.

14. An arrest of life as described by Tolstoy is
    1. a physical illness which limits what we can do.
    2. a questioning of a person's religious obligations.
    3. asking the questions, ``How?, When?, and Where?''
    4. loss of mental and physical powers.
    5. a loss of meaning to whatever one does.

15. Tolstoy felt that philosophy cannot provide the meaning of life because
    1. philosophical reasoning is really only the statement of identities.
    2. philosophy can only express finite ideas.
    3. rationality reduces life to the insignificant.
    4. philosophy cannot explain the infinite.
    5. all of the above are true.