Reading for Philosophical Inquiry

A Brief Introduction to Philosophical Thinking ver. 0.21

An Open Source Reader

Lee Archie

John G. Archie

Antiquities Project. Aristotle; John Stuart Mill.

Hélène Brown. Camus's Graveside, Lourmarin Cemetery.

Balestrini, Bruno. The Erechtheion and Parthenon, (420-440 B.C.), Acropolis; Acropolis (about 500 B.C.) view from northwest. www.thais.it. By kind permission.

British National Space Centre.Solar System. BNSC © HMG.

Goodrich, S. G. A History of All Nations, (New York: J. C. Derby & N. C. Miller, 1854). A Greek Galley. 710

Guillemin, Amédée. The Heavens: An Illustrated Handbook of Popular Astronomy, Ed. by J. Norman Lockyer, New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1871. Plate IV: The Earth as Viewed from Space.

Hopkins, George M., Experimental Science. New York: Munn & Co.,1902. Detail of Mount of Newton's Rings for the Microscope.

IIHR, University of Iowa—photographic detail from Pascal's Traitez de ľEquilibre des Liqueurs et de la Pesanteur de la Masse de ľAir. IIHR—Hydroscience and Engineering: History of Hydraulics Collection.

India Post. Bertrand Russell, stamp commemorating 100 years birth-anniversary. Oct. 16, 1972

Library of Congress: P&P Online Catalog. Photographs of Road to Nicholson Hollow, Shenandoah National Park, Virginia (LC-USF34-T01-000355-D); Cathedral, Marseilles, France (LC-DIG-ppmsc-05106); Ullswater and Eamont from Pooley Bridge, River District, England; Dartford, Messrs. Burroughs, Wellcome &'s Factory, London and suburbs, England (LC-DIG-ppmsc-08610); Socrates standing before seated group, engravings by L. P. Boitard (LC-USZ61-1502 and LC-USZ61-1502); Trinity College, Cambridge (LC-DIG-ppmsc-08091); L.N. Tolstoi v kabinetie V IAsnoi polianie (LC-DIG-prok-01970); Peasants Haying, Russian Empire (LC-P87-5273); Dom L.N. Tolstogo, V IAsnoi polianie (LC-DIG-prok-01974); Kabinet L. N. Tolstogo, V IAsnoi polianic (LC-USZ62-69862); Albert Camus (LC-USZ62-108028); The Cemetery, Algiers, Algeria (LC-DIG-ppmsc-0552); General View from Mustapha, I, Algiers, Algeria (LC-DIG-ppmsc-00510); The Place Snamjensky, St. Petersburg, Russia (LC-DIG-ppmsc-03886); Ft. Defiance, Arizona (PAN US GEOG-Arizona no.2); Canterbury Cathedral, Norman Staircase ©Detroit Publishing (LC-D4-73175); Canterbury Cathedral ©Detroit Publishing (LC-D428-8770; Il Posillipo, Naples, Italy (LC-DIG-ppmsc-06566); Fish and Vegetable Market, Könisberg, Exat Prussia (LC-DIG-ppmsca-00741); University and Royal Gardens, Königsberg, East Prussia (LC-DIG-ppmsca-00738); Siberian Convict Colony (LC-USZ62-95043); Four Children in Hay Field, Russia (LC-USZ62-107826); Kasan Cathedral, St. Petersburg (LC-DIG-ppmsc-03396); As Auctioner Knocks Down, Douglas Georgia (LC-USF34-D18709-E); Crowds at Squires (PAN SUBJECT Sports no. 16); Hollis Hall, Harvard College (HABS,MASS,9-CAMB,3D-); The Parthenon, far view, Athens, Greece (LC-USZ262-44291); Athens, Greece, 400 BC, Book illustration by Theodor Horydczak (LC-H814-2654-002x); The Parthenon, far view, Athens, Greece (LC-USZ262-44292); A Tea Resale Establishment near Lincoln's Inn Fields (LC-USZ62-77448-E); The Royal Gallery, House of Lords, London, England (LC-USZ62-77448); High Street, Oxford, England (LC-DIG-ppmsc-08764); Houses of Parliment from the River (LC-DIG-ppmsc-08560); The University of Bonn, the Rhine (LC-DIG-ppmsc-00789); Paris, France, Refugee Camp (LC-USW33-042487); Seven Bridges, Paris, France (LC-DIG-ppmsc-05162); Chemistry Laboratory at Howard University, Washington, D.C. (LC-USZ62-97168); Merton and Christ's Church College, Oxford, England (detail) (LC-DIG-ppmsc-08766; The Boat Landing, Lake Chautauqua, New York (Lot 12006); Switchtender on Pennsylvania Railroad (LC-USW33-025829-C); Three Peasants Walking to Market, Hungary (LC-USZ62-113783); Steelworker with Daughter, Ambridge, Pennsylvania (LC-USF34-062196-D); Harvard Gate, Harvard College (Lot 12003); Harvard Medical College, Boston, Mass. (LC-D4-34452); Library at Greenhills School, Greenhills, Ohio (LC _USF33-T01-OO1183-M3); Scene from "Othello" with Paul Robeson and Margaret Webster (LC-USW33- 054945-C) College of the City of New York (LC-D4-500724).

Library of Congress Rare Book & Special Collections Division. Isaac Newton, Philosophiciae naturalis principia mathematica, London: Royal Society, 3rd. ed., 1726 (123.1).

Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Death of Socrates (1787), Jacques-Louis David (French, 1748-1825) Catherine Lorillard Wolfe Collection; Wolf Fund, 1931 (31.45).

NASA—Jet Propulsion Laboratory. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)— California Institute of Technology Messier 81, Spitzer Space Telescope, JPL (SSC2003-06c); Gravity Wave Measurements over North America, JPL; Earth from Space, JPL (PIA-00232); Mosaic of Saturn's Rings, JPL (P-23953C); Jupiter's Great Red Spot and Surrounds, JPL (P-21151).

National Institutes of Health U. S. National Library of Medicine. ["Pragmatic Theory of Truth"] William James [15230]; Harvard Medical School (detail), Ernest David Roth [A02092].

National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Tabulae Rudolphinae: quibus astronomicae… by Johannes Kepler, 1571-1630 (Treasures Collection libr0312); Louis Agassiz (People Collection theb 3381); Chatham Strait (Corps Collection, John Bortnaik, corp1901); Hæmulon elegans, Drawing by H. L. Todd (NMFS Collection, Plate 145), [Island] (Corps Collection, John Bortnaik, corp2743); Wheel Barometer, from Edward J. Dent, A Treatise on the Aneroid (Library Collection); Title Page to Edward Saul's A Historical and Philosophical Account of the Barometer1735, (Library Collection); Building the John N. Cobb (Ship Collection, ship0049).

National Park Service Clock Mechanism (detail), Jamie L. Clapper and Laura E. Schmidt, Livingston County Courthouse, Amaudville, Illinois [4112bxl.gif].

Fridtjof Nansen, Farthest North, Harper & Row, 1897. Engraving of Nansen, frontspiece; (detail) photograph of Fram, Nansen's ship.

Smith, William. A History of Greece. Boston: Hickling, Swan, and Brown, 1855. The Bema of the Pnyx at Athens, xxv; Homer Enshrined, 38; Coin of Athens, 107; The Propylæa of the Acropolis Restored, 255; Centaur from the Metopes of the Parthenon, 301; Erechthēum Restored, from Southwest, 356; Side View of Thesēum, 593.

State Museum of Victoria. Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematics, title page, pages 354-355.

State Treyakov Gallery—detail from Portrait of Dostoevsky by Vasily Perov. State Tretyakov Gallery Russian National Art Gallery.

Thoemmes Press: History of Ideas. Socrates, Plato, Thomas Aquinas (detail), William Paley, David Hume, Blaise Pascal, Baruch Spinoza, William James, Relief of Plato, The Parthenon/, Aristotle, Jeremy Bentham, Friedrich Nietzsche, René Descartes, Immanuel Kant.

Centre for Social Philosophy. University of Pavia Galleries. Jean-Paul Sartre.

MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St. Andrews. Plato.

Portraits of Well-known Economists. The Warren J. Samuels Portrait Collection at Duke University. Jeremy Bentham; August Comte.

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Table of Contents
1. "Preface"
Why Open Source?
A Note about Selections
Part I. Personal Uses of Philosophy
2. The Nature of Learning: Recognition of Different Perspectives
Ideas of Interest From "The Nature of Learning"
The Role of Facts In Understanding
"In the Laboratory With Agassiz," by Samuel H. Scudder
Facts and Theories
Facts Are Often Theory-Dependent
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
3. The Nature of Philosophical Inquiry
Ideas of Interest From "Nature of Philosophical Inquiry"
Characterization of Philosophy
"The Barometer Story" by Alexander Calandra
Main Divisions of Philosophy
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
4. "Just Do What's Right" by Plato
Ideas of Interest from the The Apology, I
Reading Selection from The Apology, I
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
5. "Seek Truth Rather Than Escape Death," by Plato
Ideas of Interest from the The Apology, II
Reading from The Apology, II
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
6. "Enlargement of Self" by Bertrand Russell
Ideas of Interest From Russell's Problems of Philosophy
The Reading Selection from Problems of Philosophy
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
7. "Only Faith Can Give Truth" by Leo Tolstoy
Ideas of Interest from A Confession
The Reading Selection from A Confession
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
8. Le Mythe de Sisyphe by Albert Camus - trans. by Hélène Brown
Ideas of Interest from Le Mythe de Sisyphe
The Reading Selection from Le Mythe de Sisyphe
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
Part II. Philosophy of Religion
9. God and the World
Meaning of Life and God's Existence
Natural and Deductive Theology
10. "The Ontological Argument by St. Anselm"
Ideas of Interest from the Proslogium
The Reading Selection from the Proslogium
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
11. "An Answer to Anselm" by Gaunilo
Ideas of Interest from Pro Insipiente
The Reading Selection from Pro Insipiente
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
12. "Existence Is Not a Predicate" by Immanuel Kant
Ideas of Interest from The Critique of Pure Reason
The Reading Selection from The Critique of Pure Reason
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
13. "From the Nature of the Universe" by Thomas Aquinas
Ideas of Interest from Summa Theologica
The Reading Selection from Summa Theologica
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
14. "The Teleological Argument" by William Paley
Ideas of Interest from Natural Theology
The Reading Selection from Natural Theology
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
15. "Critique of the Design Argument" by David Hume
Ideas of Interest from Natural Religion
The Reading Selection from Natural Religion
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
16. "The Wager" by Blaise Pascal
Ideas of Interest from the Pensées
The Reading Selection from Pensées
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
17. "The Problem of Evil " by Fyodor Dostoevsky
Ideas of Interest from The Brothers Karamazov
The Reading Selection from The Brothers Karamazov
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
Part III. Philosophical Ethics
18. Free Will and Determinism
Ideas of Interest from "Free Will and Determinism"
Philosophical Ethics
Short Glossary of Terms
Topics Worth Investigating
19. "Human Beings are Determined" by Baruch Spinoza
Ideas of Interest from The Ethics
The Reading Selection from The Ethics
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
20. "The Will to Believe" by William James
Ideas of Interest from The Will to Believe
The Reading Selection from The Will to Believe
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
21. "The Ring of Gyges" by Plato
Ideas of Interest from "The Ring of Gyges"
The Reading Selection from "The Ring of Gyges"
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
22. "Life of Excellence: Living and Doing Well" by Aristotle
Ideas of Interest from the Nicomachean Ethics
The Reading Selection from the Nicomachean Ethics
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
23. "Happiness Is the Greatest Good" by Jeremy Bentham
Ideas of Interest from Morals and Legislation
The Reading Selection from Morals and Legislation
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
24. "Slave and Master Morality" by Friedrich Nietzsche
Ideas of Interest from Beyond Good and Evil
The Reading Selection from Beyond Good and Evil
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
25. "Man Makes Himself" by Jean-Paul Sartre
Ideas of Interest from Existentialism Is A Humanism
The Reading Selection from Existentialism Is A Humanism
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
Part IV. Epistemology and Metaphysics
26. "Positive Philosophy" by August Comte
Ideas of Interest from Cours de Philosophie Positive
The Reading Selection Cours de Philosophie Positive
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
27. "Science of Natural Processes" by Frederick Engels
Ideas of Interest from Ludwig Feuerbach
The Reading Selection from Ludwig Feuerbach
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
28. "A Science of Human Nature" by John Stuart Mill
Ideas of Interest from A System of Logic
The Reading Selection from A System of Logic
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
29. "Coherence Theory of Truth" by Harold H. Joachim
Ideas of Interest from The Nature of Truth
The Reading Selection from The Nature of Truth
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
30. "Pragmatic Theory of Truth" by William James
Ideas of Interest from Pragmatism
The Reading Selection from Pragmatism
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
31. ""What Is Truth?" by Bertrand Russell
Ideas of Interest from "Truth and Falsehood"
The Reading Selection from "Truth and Falsehood"
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
32. "The Sea-Fight Tomorrow" by Aristotle
Ideas of Interest from On Interpretation
The Reading Selection from On Interpretation
Related Ideas
Topics Worth Investigating
33. "What Makes a Life Significant?" by William James
The Selection from "What Makes Life a Significant?"
Related Ideas
Index
Colophon