Test Review Sheets

Test 1: Philosophy and the Meaning of Life

Important Concepts: be able to characterize and give examples.

philosophy		sophist
ad ignorantiam		philosophic mind
practical mind		metaphysics
epistemology		axiology
aesthetics		ethics
synoptic		not-Self
enlargement of self		``arrest of life"
decoy of life		irrational knowledge
existentialism		undermine
the Absurd		eluding

Important Essays : be able to explain in depth

1. What is the Socratic Paradox and what is paradoxical about it?
2. What is Socrates' argument that death is a good? Why doesn't Socrates believe in hell?
3. According to Russell, what are the main goals of philosophy?
4. Characterize Tolstoy's use of faith and the characteristics he ascribes to faith.
5. According to Camus, how can one find the meaning of life?

Important Distinctions: Be able to list differences and give examples.

1. faith and reason
2. practical and philosophic mind
3. science and philosophy
4. philosophy and religion

Test 2: The Philosophy of Religion

Important Concepts: be able to characterize and give examples.

a priori		a posteriori
ontological		cosmological
philosophy of religion		natural theology
efficient cause		Occam's Razor
Great Chain of Being		polar concepts
teleology		rational decision theory
prescriptive law		descriptive law
problem of evil		personalists
theodicy		nonmoral evil

Important Essays: be able to explain in detail and give possible objections.

1. Anselm's Ontological Argument
2. Aquinas' Argument From Motion (Change)
3. Aquinas' Argument From (Efficient) Cause
4. Aquinas' Argument From Necessity
5. Aquinas' Argument From Gradation (Great Chain of Being)
6. Aquinas' Argument From Governance (Teleological Argument)
7. Paley's Watch Argument
8. Pascal's Wager
9. Hick's Solution to the Problem of Evil

Important Distinctions: be able to list differences and give examples.

1. a priori and a posteriori statements
2. material, efficient, formal, and final causes
3. potentiality and actuality
4. prescriptive and descriptive law
5. design and chance
6. moral evil and nonmoral evil

Test 3: Ethics and Philosophical Ethics

Important Concepts: be able to characterize and give examples.

determinism (hard)		determinism (soft)
predeterminism		fatalism
predestination		indeterminism
chance		free will
live hypothesis		dead hypothesis
genuine option		ethical relativism
ethical absolutism		psychological relativism
selfishness		self-interest
Ring of Gyges		other-regarding motives
altruism		existence
essence		existentialism
psychological egoism		ethical egoism

Important Essays: be able to explicate the following questions.

1. What is James' genuine option theory?
2. What is the argument from moral progress (against ethical relativism)?
3. What is the argument from multiple standards (against ethical relativism)?
4. What is the linguistic refutation of psychological relativism? How does it refute the Myth of the Ring of Gyges.
5. Why can't ethical relativism be universalized?
6. How are we ``condemned to be free``?

Important Distinctions: be able to list differences and give examples.

1. selfishness and self-interest
2. psychological relativism and ethical relativism
3. essence and existence
4. anguish, forlornness, and despair