True-False Questions (40 pts.)

Directions: Type out just the number and whether or not the following statements are true or false. If you wish to qualify your answer, you may do so, if you feel that a question is misleading or ambiguous.

1. Philosophy may be broadly defined as an inquiry into the basic assumptions of any field of interest.
2. Philosophy is almost exclusively concerned with the outcomes and conclusions of other fields of inquiry.
3. The study of philosophy emphasizes comprehension more than the recognition of facts in different kinds of inquiry.
4. The recognition that one should sympathetically and fully understand a belief before criticizing it is called ``the principle of charity.''
5. If you adopt the principle of charity when presented with a new idea, then the idea should only be criticized initially if the idea is so different it is difficult to understand.
6. John Dewey believes that the only way to prepare for the future is to anticipate what is needed for the future.
7. The readings point out that the nature of facts often depends upon our theoretical points of view.
8. In philosophy and in science, facts are explained as being in the world and existing as physical objects.
9. Scudder argues that facts only have meaning when they are related to other facts by means of true generalizations or laws.
10. The text argues that in order to discover a new law of science, we must find all of the facts in a given situation.
11. Epistemology is essentially the study of the foundational religious epistles or liturgical lections.
12. Ontology and metaphysics is the study of what ultimately is reality.
13. Aesthetics is the study of artistic value and is normally considered part of the field of axiology.
14. Axiology can be defined as the study of the axioms or fundamental presuppositions of mathematics.
15. Socrates' teacher and mentor was Plato.
16. One of the charges brought against Socrates is that he is challenging Greek religious beliefs; that is, he was in effect doing scientific investigation.
17. Socrates believes that the lack of self-knowledge is what makes people evil.
18. The main reason Socrates was prosecuted was that he disrespected the judges at his trial.
19. The Delphic Oracle stated that Socrates makes the weaker reason appear the stronger, and he corrupts the youth of Athens.
20. Socrates believes that he is ''the wisest of men'' because he knows that knowledge is the same thing as goodness.
21. Socrates evidently feared death more than he feared doing an unrighteous thing.
22. When convicted, Socrates doesn't plead for his life because he knows he can move away from Athens and change his questioning.
23. Both the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica and Bertrand Russell explain philosophy in terms of a synoptic or a comprehensive inquiry into all fields of knowledge.
24. According to Russell, a chief value of philosophy is its certainty as compared to other fields of knowledge.
25. Russell clearly equates science with technology and equates philosophy with historical understanding.
26. Russell believes the good life can be obtained through rational understanding while Tolstoy believes a good life can be obtained through irrational faith.
27. Russell argues that philosophy involves controversies on matters of which knowledge is impossible.
28. Russell believes that the discipline of philosophy is historically the origin of many sciences.
29. Russell describes the practical person as someone who seeks enlargement of self.
30. Russell and Plato both believe that choices are entirely justified by their actual consequences in the world.
31. Tolstoy believed that philosophy cannot provide meaning to our lives because it is essentially irrational knowledge.
32. In the end, Tolstoy argues that if one turns to the discoveries of science, those discoveries ``give reply to life's problems.''
33. Because Tolstoy rejected Christianity, he experienced an arrest of life.
34. Art, according to Tolstoy, contains the highest achievements of the human spirit in its quest for the meaning of life.
35. Tolstoy thinks that only philosophy can provide a meaning to our lives.
36. Tolstoy believes the irrational belief that some transcendent infinite being sustains and gives meaning to our finite existence is necessary for our lives to have value.
37. Tolstoy defines ``faith'' as a form ``irrational knowledge'' because the infinite is essentially nonrational.
38. Camus would be an example of Russell's practical person.
39. Camus implies that the fundamental problem of philosophy is to solve the question of the meaning of life.
40. Camus states that the world is Absurd; because all our actions are controlled by fate.
41. Camus' believes that scorn makes Sisyphus superior to his life's condition.
42. Camus believes that we can find a meaning to life if we act in the face of the Absurd.
43. The existentialists, like Tolstoy and Camus, believe that all human actions, like all natural events, are causally determined and so are subject to the laws of science.
44. Camus believes that ``what'' we actually do is not as important as ``what we think of what we do.''
45. Our textbook argues that facts, especially those found in the sciences, should be considered wholly independent of theories.
46. The essential point of Alexander Calandra's ``Barometer Story'' is that the conventional answers of standardized education may have value but not as much value as independently finding insightful answers for oneself.
47. Philosophy is predominately concerned with ``why'' questions, whereas science is predominately concerned with ``how' questions.
48. There are an indefinite number of facts contained in any event or state of affairs.
49. Philosophy, similarly to other disciplines like history, chemistry, or literature, is a well defined and limited field of study.
50. An ad ignorantiam argument is the fallacy of supposing that the statements of an ignorant person cannot be relied upon.