True-False Questions (60 points.)

Directions: Type out just the number of the following questions and state whether or not the following statements are true or false. Do not copy the questions themselves. If you wish to qualify your answer, you may do so, if you feel that a question is misleading or ambiguous. (However, your qualification should not change the meaning of the question into a different question.)

1. If determinism is true, an event without a cause and therefore without a causal explanation is possible.
2. The belief that all events in the world are predetermined is implied by philosophical fatalism.
3. Neither the doctrine of hard determinism nor the doctrine of soft determinism allows for free will.
4. The view that all events are made to happen by God even though human beings might have free will is called the doctrine of predestination.
5. The belief that events throughout eternity have been foreordained by a supernatural power is called predestination.
6. Scientific determinism is the philosophical belief that absolutely there are no uncaused events.
7. Soft determinism is the philosophical point of view that all physical events are caused but all mental events are not.
8. The belief that not all of our acts are determined by past events (i.e., some acts are and some acts are not determined) is called predeterminism.
9. The belief that all events are made to happen by God, not necessarily by causality in nature, is true of all major religions.
10. The doctrine that some specific events are fixed in advance but there might be some free play in minor events is called fatalism.
11. The probability of an event is known from the experience of similar event is called a priori probability.
12. A miracle is a violation of a law of nature.
13. Fatalism is the philosophical point of view that all events in the world have been fixed in advance by God.
14. According to a posteriori probability, if I flip a coin one hundred times, it is possible that the coin will come up heads every time.
15. A priori probabilistic analysis of a fair coin toss presupposes a perfect coin--and a coin that comes up heads exactly half the time.
16. The doctrine of free will is based on the assumption that all of our choices are uncaused.
17. Glaucon states the belief that everyone is selfish and the only thing keeping people from doing harm to others is fear of punishment.
18. According to Glaucon's account, if one is honest with oneself, then that person believes that acting unjustly is more likely to bring good to oneself than acting justly would if one can be sure that the unjust action could not be detected.
19. Glaucon explains that the only reason persons obey the law in society is not because it is the right thing to do but because they seek to avoid harm from others.
20. From a philosophical point of view, the ``Myth of the Ring of Gyges'' proves the philosophy of psychological egoism is true.
21. Glaucon state the belief that justice is a compromise people make between doing wrong and having wrong done to them.
22. Not all self-interested actions are selfish actions.
23. The belief that all persons always act in their own self-interest is subject to the fallacy of hasty generalization.
24. Plato depicts a fundamental belief of Socrates that the main reason people act ethically is to help others less fortunate than themselves.
25. The theory of ethical egoism logically implies the theory of psychological egoism.
26. An objection to psychological egoism is that this doctrine is a circular argument because by definition it would be impossible for an action not to be in self-interest.
27. When all is said and done, all human actions essentially are selfish in nature.
28. de Mandeville tries to convince people that they are better off if they are selfless and helpful to others.
29. According to de Mandeville, politician leaders try to convince people through flattery that honor comes from denying ones self and shame comes from seeking ones own interests.
30. If you try to benefit others, according to de Mandeville, then you are acting in accordance with nature.
31. The moral virtues, according to de Mandeville, were invented in order to subjugate people.
32. de Mandeville believes all politicians do not seek their own interests because they are essentially public servants.
33. A person who has pity for a baby about to be thrown into the fire is really looking after his own interests, according to de Manville.
34. de Mandeville believes that the institution of religion is used by societal leaders as a threat of punishment if the people seek their own interest.
35. The theory that each person seeks his own interest is called ethical hedonism.
36. Psychological egoism is essentially an empirical generalization that all persons, regardless of circumstances and in all circumstances, pursue what they perceive to be their own good.
37. From a philosophical point of view, all self-interested actions are ultimately selfish actions.
38. If I act in my self-interest, then I am necessarily not acting in the interests of others.
39. The linguistic refutation of ethical egoism relies on the insight that if all actions were selfish or self-interested, then calling someone ``selfish" would just be claiming that the person acted.
40. According to Nietzsche, the beginning of higher civilizations was made possible by the barbarians who sought power over weaker individuals.
41. Nietzsche states that refraining from hurting others as the fundamental principle of society is an affirmation of life in general.
42. Nietzsche implies that democracy is essentially the rise of the slave morality characterized by the vanity of individuals.
43. Nietzsche believes the higher-type of person is the individual who follows the morality of Christianity.
44. According to Nietzsche, not all persons in a society are equal; some persons are intrinsically better than others.
45. Morality, according to Nietzsche, is a passive mode of existence and is a nay-saying attitude toward life.
46. Nietzsche believes that most persons are vain because they do not have the confidence to know their true abilities.
47. Sartre argues that if people are to be free, then God cannot have pre-established their nature or essence.
48. Sartre advises his student to join the Free French Forces rather than stay in Paris, since the student's older brother had been killed in the German offensive.
49. According to Sartre, part of the meaning of ``despair'' is that we cannot count on the hope that we will never be put in circumstances that we cannot deal with.
50. For Sartre, all human beings are born without a nature.
51. Sartre argues that each person is the sole authority of his life and cannot rightfully blame others for his condition.
52. Sartre believes that persons who believe that they have no genuine choices in life are in self-deception.
53. Both Christian and atheistic existentialists think that the fact of man's existence is established first, and then man determines what his essence is to be.
54. Existential anguish means that we are responsible for all persons, and no experiences in life can convince us what is the right thing to do.
55. Sartre believes a person is wholly free except when a sweeping emotion leads that person to act.
56. Sartre believes "You should conquer yourself" rather than try to conquer the situation you are in because you cannot really know the consequences of your actions
57. The atheistic existentialist experiences forlornness: facing the consequences of the fact that God does not exist.
58. When all is said and done, according to Sartre, at some pint in our lives we need to commit ourselves entirely to religious belief.
59. Sartre believes that all persons anguish over life's decisions and that those who do not are hiding their anguish.
60. Sartre believes all persons have at least one thing in common and this is human nature.