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Philosophy
203: Scientific Reasoning
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Langley, P., H. A. Simon, G. L. Bradshaw, and J. M. Zytkow, eds. Scientific Discovery: Computational Explorations of the Creative Process. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1987. Latour, B., and S. Woolgar. Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. Laudan, L. "The Pseudo-Science of Science?" Philosophy of Social Science, 11 (1981), 173-98. Laudan, L. "Are All Theories Equally Good? A Dialogue." Relativism and Realism in Science. Ed. R. Nola. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988. 117-39. Lenat, D. "The Ubiquity of Discovery." Artificial Intelligence, 9 (1978), 257-85. Leontief, W. "Theoretical Assumptions and Nonobserved Facts." American Economic Review, 61 (1971), 1-7. Levi, I. Gambling With Truth. New York: Knopf, 1967. Lewontin, R. C. "Models, Mathematics, and Metaphors." Synthese, 15 (1963), 222-44. Lewontin, R. C. "Adaptation." Scientific American, 239, (September, 1978), 212-30. Lighthill, J. "The Recently Recognized Failure of Predictability in Newtonian Dynamics." Proceeding of the Royal Society of London, A 407 (1986), 35-50. Lloyd, E. A. "The Nature of Darwin’s Support for the Theory of Natural Selection." Philosophy of Science, 50 (1983), 112-29. Longino, H. E. "Feminist Critiques of Rationality: Critiques of Science or Philosophy of Science?" Women’s Studies International Forum, 12 (1989), 261-269. Luce, R. D. and H. Raiffa. Games and Decisions. New York: Wiley, 1957. Lynch, M. and S. Woolgar, eds. Representation in Scientific Practice. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990. Maull, N. "Unifying Science Without Reduction." Studies in the History of Philosophy of Science, 8 (1977), 143-62. Mayr, E. "Cause and Effect in Biology." Science, 134 (1961), 1501-6. Mayr. E. Toward a New Philosophy of Biology: Observations of an Evolutionist. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988. Millikan, R. Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1984. Mynatt, C. R., M. E. Doherty, and R. D. Tweney. "Confirmation Bias in a Simulated Research Environment. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 29 (1977), 85-89. Nagel, E. The Structure of Science. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1961. Nagel, E. "Teleology Revisited." Journal of Philosophy, 74 (1977), 261-301. Nersessian, N. J. "Reasoning from Imagery and Analogy in Scientific Concept Formation." Philosophy of Science Association, (1988), 1: 41-47. Nickles, T. Scientific Discovery: Case Studies. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1980. Nickles, T. "What is a Problem that We May Solve It?" Synthese, 47 (1981), 85-118. Nickles. T. "Discovery Logics." Philosophica, 45 (1990), 7-32. Oldroyd, D. "David Hull’s Evolutionary Model of Science." Biol. Phil., 4 (1990), 473-87. Oppenheim, P. and H. Putnam. "Unity of Science as a Working Hypothesis." Concepts, Theories, and the Mind-Body Problem. Eds. H. Feigl, M. Scriven, and G. Maxwell. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1958. II: 3-36.
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