Test Review Sheets

Test I: The Structure of Arguments

Important Concepts: be able to characterize and give examples.

philosophy		logic
statement or proposition		sentence
premiss		conclusion
argument		simple argument
complex argument		premiss indicator
conclusion indicator		inference
entailment		argument
explanation		conditional statement
imperative		hypothetical
deduction		induction
truth		validity
soundness

Important Skills: be able to do the following kinds of problems.

1. Identify premiss and conclusion indicators
2. Diagram simple and complex arguments
3. Explicate the differences among truth, validity, and soundness

Important Distinctions: Be able to list differences and give examples.

1. sentence and statement
2. argument and explanation
3. deduction and induction
4. truth, validity, and soundness

Example test is online:
http://philosophy.lander.edu/logic/argument_test.html

Test II: Language and Informal Fallacies

Important Concepts: be able to characterize and give examples.

the forms and functions of language		the types of sentences
informative use		expressive use
directive use		factual significance
emotive significance		disagreement in belief
disagreement in attitude		varieties of disagreements
methods of dispute resolution		slanted language
emotively neutral language		phatic language
performative utterances		ad ignorantiam
ad verecundiam		ad hominem
ad misericordiam		ad baculum
ignoratio elenchi		complex question
false cause		petitio principii
accident		converse accident

Important Skills: be able to do the following kinds of problems.

1. analyze and resolve disagreements in belief and attitude
2. distinguish among the forms and functions of language
3. identify and analyze informal fallacies

Important Distinctions: be able to list differences and give examples.

1. declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, and imperative sentences
2. belief and attitude
3. emotive and neutral language
4. accident and converse accident
5. fallacies of relevance and presumption

Example test is online:
http://philosophy.lander.edu/logic/fallacies_test.html

Test III: Categorical Propositions

Important Concepts: be able to characterize and give examples.

quantity, quality, and distribution		universal affirmative statement
universal negative statement		particular affirmative statement
particular negative statement		sneaky O statement
contrariety		subcontrariety
contradiction		subalternation (implication)
conversion		obversion
contraposition

Important Skills: be able to do the following kinds of problems.

1. square of opposition--immediate inferences
2. further immediate inferences
3. successive immediate inferences
4. Venn diagrams of statements

Important Distinctions: be able to list differences and give examples.

1. A, E, I, O statements
2. quantity, quality, and distribution

Example test is online:
http://philosophy.lander.edu/logic/prop_test.html

Test IV: Categorical Syllogisms

Important Concepts: be able to characterize and give examples.

syllogism		major term
minor term		middle term
mood		figure
standard form		major premiss
minor premiss		figure
logical analogy		equivocation
four term fallacy		undistributed middle fallacy
illicit minor		illicit major
fallacy of exclusive premisses		existential fallacy
fallacy of drawing an affirmative
conclusion from a negative premiss

Important Skills: be able to do the following kinds of problems.

1. refute an argument by means of devising a logical analogy
2. evaluate syllogisms by means of Venn diagrams
3. evaluate syllogisms by means of syllogistic fallacies
4. evaluate arguments in ordinary language

Important Distinctions: be able to list differences and give examples.

1. major and minor premiss
2. illicit major and illicit minor
3. equivocation and four term fallacy

Example test is online:
http://philosophy.lander.edu/logic/syll_test.html and
http://philosophy.lander.edu/logic/ordinary_test.html